Guide to Horse Diseases

Horses are strong, sturdy animals, but they are susceptible to a variety of diseases. Horses can become ill with a type of influenza that specifically affects the equine species. They are also susceptible to several types of diseases that afflict the spinal cord and nervous system. Horses can suffer from health conditions that affect the digestive system, as well as conditions that affect their hooves and joints. Horse owners should become familiar with these diseases, so they can recognize symptoms when they first appear.

Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints. Horses may suffer from degenerative effects of arthritis because of wear and tear. Although arthritis normally affects older horses, it may appear in those that are younger as well. The condition causes pain and loss of function. It also affects the weight-bearing joints. Symptoms of arthritis include pain, stiffness, swelling and warmth at the site of the affected joints.

Colic is a condition that causes abdominal distress. It may range from mild to severe. Colic is a life-threatening condition and may even be fatal. There are several different types of colic. Impaction colic occurs when the intestine becomes blocked. Gas colic is caused by a buildup of flatulence. Spasmodic colic develops because of intestinal contractions. Displacement colic develops when a portion of the intestines becomes twisted. Colitis is a type of colic in which the intestines become inflamed. Gastric distention is a condition in which the stomach can swell and rupture. The symptoms of colic are seen mostly in the horse's posture and behavior. The horse may paw at the ground, kick at his abdomen and roll around. The horse may also repeatedly change from a lying to a standing position.

Laminitis is a painful foot condition. Laminitis occurs in two forms known as acute and chronic. The acute form can develop rapidly and be severe. Chronic laminitis develops over time and may not be detected as easily. Many factors play a role in the development of laminitis, such as obesity and a diet high in carbohydrates. Excessive concussion on a hard floor can lead to the development of laminitis. Symptoms of laminitis are pain, lameness and swelling. The hooves of the horse should be inspected often to ensure good health and early detection of laminitis and other conditions.

Equine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory illness. According to the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs, horses between the ages of 1 and 5 are more susceptible to the disease. Symptoms of equine influenza include fever, cough, nasal discharge, lethargy, loss of appetite and difficulty breathing. Horses should be vaccinated for protection against equine influenza.

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission may occur through the bite of an infected mosquito or contaminated food or water. Symptoms of encephalitis include depression, weakness, head tilt, lack of coordination, muscle tremors and convulsions. A vaccine is available for the prevention of encephalitis virus in horses.

Cushing's disease is caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland. The condition normally develops in mid to late life, although it may occur at a younger age. Symptoms of Cushing's disease include excessive thirst and urination, abnormal shedding and hair growth, drab coat, dull eyes and lethargy. The horse may develop a swayback appearance with a pot belly. Chronic laminitis may develop, as well as other disorders such as respiratory infections, because of a compromised immune system. There is no cure for Cushing's disease, although the condition may be treated with medications.

Strangles is a highly contagious condition that is caused by a bacteria that only affects the equine species. Strangles can be fatal in foals younger than 6 months of age. The symptoms include lack of appetite, depression, nasal discharge, enlarged lymph nodes and difficulty breathing. Treatment normally consists of antibiotic therapy. Most horses recover with no long-term adverse effects. There is a vaccine for the prevention of strangles.